Using a Kinematic Definition of the Hubble Parameter to Determine the Cosmological Constant {\Lambda} = 0 in a Balanced Universe

摘要

The Hubble parameter is kinematically defined in terms of the positions andvelocities of all particles in a universe which may or may not be finite. Thisdefinition is set equal to the Hubble parameter as defined in theFriedman-Lema\^itre solution of general relativity, and which occurs after theinflationary expansion has ended in the Guth model. Because a coordinate systemat rest relative to its local Hubble drift is a system in which the cosmicbackground radiation is observed to be isotropic, it is also an inertialsystem. Just before the first mass particles are created within a pureradiation universe, there are no mass particles that exist which can define Hor the inertial systems associated with the Hubble drift. It will be shown thatonly a cosmological constant with a magnitude of zero will allow radiation toform mass particles that have a total energy which is independent of inertialsystems and is equal to the equivalent energy of their rest mass. Additionalmass particles are continuously formed from the radiation throughout theexpanding universe after the initial particles are created.